Jumayyil nimal biography of christopher
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EU Food Law and Ultra-Processed Food Markets: Safety from What and for Whom?
Introduction
In 2010, a Brazilian team of scientists, led by Carlos Monteiro, a Professor of nutrition in São Paulo, developed a new NOVA classification of food. The NOVA classification was based on Monteiro’s studies on associations between poor health and income inequality in Brazil, which led him to develop a new classification based on the extent and purpose of food processing (Monteiro et al., 2016). NOVA divides foods into four main categories,Footnote 1 distinguishing one category—“ultra-processed foods” (henceforth “UPF”)—as the main culprit for increasing obesity and other diet-related diseases. Monteiro’s definition of UPF is long, but among its key features are: (1) UPFs are industrial formulations typically with five or more ingredients; (2) UPFs contain substances and additives not commonly used in culinary preparations; (3) several industrial processes with no domestic equivalents are used in the manufacture of UPFs; (4) UPFs have hyper-palatability, sophisticated and attractive packaging, including aggressive marketing to children and adolescents, and are often owned by transnational corporations (Monteiro et al., 2016). Importantly, according to the NOVA classification, the key c
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Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet. 2011 Jun;43(6):513–518. doi: 10.1038/ng.840
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 200 mostly new common low-penetrance susceptibility loci for cancers. The predicted risk associated with each locus is generally modest (with a per-allele odds ratio typically less than 2) and so, presumably, are the functional effects of individual genetic variants conferring disease susceptibility. Perhaps the greatest challenge in the ‘post-GWAS’ era is to understand the functional consequences of these loci. Biological insights can then be translated to clinical benefits, including reliable biomarkers and effective strategies for screening and disease prevention. The purpose of this article is to propose principles for the initial functional characterization of cancer risk loci, with a focus on non-coding variants, and to define ‘post-GWAS’ functional characterization.
By December 2010, there were 1,212 published GWAS studies1 reporting significant (P < 5 × 10−8) associations for 210 traits (Table 1), and the Catalog of Published GWAS states that by March 2011, 812 publications reported 3,977 SNP associations1. This is likely a small fraction of the com
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A Museum of Immortality
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